Spherical confinement of coulombic systems inside an impenetrable box: H atom and the Hulthén potential

The generalized pseudospectral method is used to study spherical confinement in two simple Coulombic systems: (i) well celebrated and heavily studied H atom (ii) relatively less explored Hulthén potential. In both instances, arbitrary cavity size as well as low and higher states are considered. Apart from bound state eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, expectation values, quite accurate estimates of the critical cage radius for H atom for all the 55 states corresponding to , are also examined. Some of the latter are better than previously reported values. Degeneracy and energy ordering under the isotropic confinement situation are discussed as well. The method produces consistently high‐quality results for both potentials for small as well as large cavity size. For the H atom, present results are comparable to best theoretical values, while for the latter, this work gives considerably better estimates than all existing work so far. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Hydrogen–hydrogen bonding: The current density perspective

Current density plots of closed‐shell intermolecular H? H interactions characterized by a bond critical point (BCP) show two vortices separated by a saddle, a pattern which allows for a clear definition of a pair current strength. This H? H current strength turns out to be roughly related to the potential energy density at the BCP and then to the dissociation energy. The same pattern is also recognizable, at least for an azimuthal orientation of a field perpendicular to the H? H line, for the intramolecular interactions previously investigated to propose the H? H bonding. In the case of the H atoms of the bay region of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the current of the H? H delocalized diatropic vortex gives a quantitative indication of stabilization; however, on rotation of the field and the subsequent onset of a bay‐delocalized paratropic vortex (a typical signature of antiaromaticity), the diatropic vortex can be reshaped or it can even disappear, consistently with its smallness, and thus showing the effect of other more relevant interactions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

催化剂筛选：火山型曲线成因理论解析及其在多相催化中的应用

多相催化对于现代社会来说具有极其重要的意义,催化剂的理性设计/筛选是现代催化化学研究者的一个重要的目标。其中,火山型曲线是一个的重要工具。它指出对于一个催化反应来说,其催化活性针对关键物种吸附能来说呈一条先上升后下降的曲线,要求最佳催化剂对中间体的吸附能不能太高也不能太低。近几十年来,密度泛函理论等第一性原理计算方法的发展让许多催化剂表面反应微观物理量的计算成为了可能,这极大地拓展了火山型曲线的应用范围。 然而,对于火山型曲线根源的解释,人们却并非了解得十分清楚;一些基本科学概念的理解很多还是基于经验性的Sabatier原理：吸附太弱不利于吸附、太强不利于脱附。针对该问题的科学解析,本文进行了详细的动力学探究,试图以完全数学解析的方式回答催化反应中火山型曲线的必然存在性、产生根源及在催化活性预测中的内涵。本文采用了两步催化模型以及微动力学来进行速率方程的推导,并考虑BEP关系(基元反应的能垒与其反应焓存在线性关系)的应用,最终将整体反应速率转化为中间体吸附能相关的单值函数。基于对该函数的系列推导和分析,得到如下基本结论：(1)从数学上以一个完全的解析形式证明了催化反应中火山型曲线的存在。(2)通过对比催化反应与与之对应的气相反应,我们证明了：若无催化剂参与反应,则火山型曲线不会产生;由于催化剂表面的参与,随着催化剂吸附能力的增强,其表面会因为吸附作用而被占据毒化,导致反应速率存在一个最大值,即形成火山型曲线。从概念上讲,火山型曲线的根源是由“吸附过程引发表面活性位占据”这一自毒化效应造成的,它的存在可能体现为多相催化的基本属性。(3)数值模拟解析展示了表面反应与气相反应的区别,印证了我们的数学解析结论。同时,通过一定的简化,我们对火山型曲线中各部分的斜率进行了研究。结果发现,对于吸附决速过程,催化反应和气相反应斜率相同,其差别主要出现在脱附决速过程。在此阶段由于吸附能过大,表面被毒化,表面反应速率开始下降;而气相反应的速率依然上升。(4)表面反应速率方程的分解和简化结果表明,最佳催化剂在反应中的空活性位点覆盖度和其BEP关系的斜率存在内在关联关系(θ*opt=1–α),据此讨论了其在催化剂寻优过程中的意义。尝试解释了(a)合成氨反应中正逆反应所需最佳催化剂不同的现象;(b)合成氨或CO甲烷化反应最佳催化剂为前过渡金属、而CO/NO氧化等为后过渡金属这一典型催化现象的物理图像。最后,针对火山型曲线理论框架在实际催化剂理论筛选寻优中的应用,我们简要综述了本课题组近年来在光解水制氢Pt基助催化剂和染料敏化太阳能电池的对电极材料设计方面的理论进展。     

Flow-injection chemiluminescence method for determination of critical micelle concentration of surfactants

In this study, chemiluminescence (CL) behaviour of Luminol-H₂O₂ in the presence of the different concentrations of four surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether (Brij-35), was investigated. A novel method for the direct determination of critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactants using flow-injection CL is described. Under the optimum conditions, the luminescence intensity of the Luminol-H₂O₂ system increased gradually with increasing concentration of the surfactants before the CMC, but rapidly reached to the emission maximum at the CMC, followed by a decrease after the CMC. The concentrations of the surfactants corresponding to the luminescence maximum are in agreement with the literature CMC values. The main factors affecting the determination of CMC are discussed. The mechanistic studies show that the luminescence peaks observed in the experiment were mainly because of the protective effect of the micelle against the transition of the excited species and the retarding effect of the micelle structures on the CL reaction rate.     

Tuning of the Temperature Window for Unit‐Cell and Pore‐Size Enlargement in Face‐Centered‐Cubic Large‐Mesopore Silicas Templated by Swollen Block Copolymer Micelles

The unit‐cell size and pore diameter as functions of temperature are investigated in the syntheses of FDU‐12 silicas with face‐centered cubic structure templated by Pluronic (PEO‐PPO‐PEO) block copolymer micelles swollen by toluene. The temperature range in which the unit‐cell size and pore size strongly increase as temperature decreases is correlated with the critical micelle temperature (CMT) of the surfactant. While Pluronic F127 affords a wide range of unit‐cell parameters (28–51 nm) and pore diameters (16–32 nm), it renders moderately enlarged pore sizes at 25 °C. The use of Pluronic F108 with higher CMT affords FDU‐12 with very large unit‐cell size (～49 nm) and large pore diameter (27 nm) at 23 °C. Large unit‐cell size (40–41 nm) and pore size (22 nm) were obtained even at 25 °C. The application of Pluronics F87 and F88 with much smaller molecular weights and higher CMTs also allows one to synthesize FDU‐12 with quite large unit‐cell parameters and pore sizes at room temperature. The present work demonstrates that one can judiciously select Pluronic surfactants with appropriate CMT to shift the temperature range in which the pore diameter is readily tunable.     

局部载荷作用简支板屈曲分析

根据能量原理,引入大挠度Von-Karman方程,求解了应力不连续简支板的屈曲问题,得到了临界载荷和临界应力计算系数.     

桩基承载力计算程序GPILE

介绍了单桩和群桩承载力计算程序 GPILE。该程序利用 P-Y曲线、T-Z曲线和 Q-Z曲线将土体与桩之间的相互作用模拟为一系列非线性弹簧 ,然后通过迭代求解桩的变形和内力。在计算群桩时可以考虑群桩效应。另外 ,还可以在桩基上增加上部结构 ,从而考虑桩基和上部结构的共同作用     

Dynamic Stability of a Fluid-Coveying Cantilevered Pipe on an Additional Combined Support

Based on an analytical study, a numerical analysis is made of the dynamic stability of a cantilevered steel pipe conveying a fluid. The pipe is modeled by a beam restrained at the left end and supported by a special device (a rotational elastic restraint plus a Q-apparatus) at the right end. The numerical analysis reveals that the critical velocity of the fluid depends on the governing parameters of the problem such as the ratio of the fluid mass to the pipe mass per unit length and the rotational elastic constant at the right end     

自紧身管临界裂纹尺寸的概率断裂力学研究

基于概率断裂力学理论和Mome Caflo模拟方法，本文进行了自紧身管临界裂纹尺寸的可靠性研究。自紧身管内表面的疲劳裂纹考虑为半椭圆形式。裂纹尖端处的应力强度因子由内压和自紧残余应力共同产生。自紧残余应力采用了符合身管材料具有强化和包辛格效应性能推导的公式计算，它产生的应力强度因子通过权函数方法得到。根据断裂准则，可计算出自紧身管的临界裂纹尺寸。实例分析表明，对数正态分布为临界裂纹尺寸的最佳分布，同时给出了在各种置信度和可靠度下自紧身管的临界裂纹尺寸。     

A numerical approach to spherical indentation techniques for material property evaluation

In this work, some inaccuracies and limitations of prior indentation theories, which are based on experimental observations and the deformation theory of plasticity, are investigated. Effects of major material properties on the indentation load-deflection curve are examined via finite element (FE) analyses based on incremental plasticity theory. It is confirmed that subindenter deformation and stress-strain distribution from deformation plasticity theory are quite dissimilar to those obtained from incremental plasticity theory. We suggest an optimal data acquisition location, where the strain gradient is the least and the effect of friction is negligible. A new numerical approach to indentation techniques is then proposed by examining the FE solutions at the optimal point. Numerical regressions of obtained data exhibit that the strain-hardening exponent and yield strain are the two key parameters which govern the subindenter deformation characteristics. The new indentation theory successfully provides a stress-strain curve and material properties with an average error of less than 3%.